বৃহস্পতিবার, ১ মার্চ, ২০১২

The Prejudice For Pessimism, and also the Myth From The Evils Of ...

Since senior high school I observed that pessimists and negative people out there were considered ?wise? and ?intelligent? while positive everyone was treated like Pollyanna?s and intellectual lightweights. Look whatsoever the depressing authors we needed to read in senior high school. Ugh. Even Thoreau was deluded by what will make the planet better, as though we?d be best when we were spinning our very own made of woll cloth, transporting water in the stream, and baking our very own bread without technology. Try that sometime. It isn?t how it is cracked as much as be.

George Orwell?s book 1984 was standard reading through how freedom and individuality would decline, Paul R. Ehrlich?s The Populace Explosive device predicted we?d exhaust food, and Rachel Carson?s Quiet Spring was filled with environmental doomsday knowledge that should you be ?eco-awesome? you thought. Based on them, existence on the planet must have rejected into pollution, famine, and fascism three decades ago. Issue is, none of individuals along with other dire forecasts by ?innovativeInch intellectual thinkers ever even came near to happening.

Humans happen to be biased for negativity and danger since cave guy needed to be worried about minute by minute survival. We are wired this way until enlightenment overrides it. And also the thoughts are an incorrect-seeking missile, a lot of people who?re very mental are extremely centered on what may go wrong.

Intellectuals are abnormally biased toward pessimism, and therefore are famous and esteemed for his or her dire forecasts?I did previously refer to it as pop nihilism?I believed it was new?but Ridley?s book demonstrated me this prejudice toward negativity is extremely, early. Every generation has lamented the decline from the current age and romanticized the lost golden past. Every generation has already established it?s ?apocoholics? who thought how old they are was the finish time. (Begin to see the Woodsy Allen movie, Night time In Paris for any fun undertake over-romanticizing yesteryear and visiting embrace the current.)

Every year existence in the world will get better overall, so when people think back with misty-eyed nostalgia for many past they believe was simpler and, they are looking over the struggles, illnesses, lower standards of just living, longer work hrs, and greater mortality rates of individuals ?golden age range.? Poverty in those days was severe, while people regarded as living at poverty level now frequently have cars, mobile phones, and TV?s!

In comparison to even 100 years ago, we currently live far better (and longer) compared to wealthiest nobleman of old ever did. If your king had 2000 slaves, you have many 1000?s of individuals delivering you with products or services that king could never imagine?and situations are so affordable, the poor have what was once royal luxuries.

While you supply others together with your services or goods, and cash moves, wealth grows, and everybody has a lot more than they might make alone as self-sufficient subsistence maqui berry farmers or hunter-gatherers. Media negativity concerning the recession only constitutes a reduced economy worse, and produces a depressed response from people, companies, and marketplaces.

Spiritual and allegedly ?progressive? individuals have demonized commerce, money, and enormous companies for too lengthy. Otherwise for big companies, lots of people wouldn?t have the ability to make a living, as many people are more suitable for employed by others inside a structured interdependent atmosphere compared to what they will be to producing a full time income solo. Large companies provide regular income for millions who then don?t be thankful and complain.

Socialist nations have either disintegrated or gone stale, because they do not encourage innovation, incentive, reward for performance, and free thought. They do not succeed.

Ridley enlightens us towards the inescapable fact that commerce is a major pressure in evolution. Communities with strong healthy trade and commerce prospered, whereas communities with stifled or stagnant trade really become extinct. He proves statistically that wealth produces more wealth for everybody. So next time you begin thinking the reply is coming back to some simpler time, getting less, and taking advantage of less, browse the Rational Optimist.

Certainly one of Ridley?s most clever suppositions is the fact that developed communities are ?with each other brilliant.? That nobody person in the world can produce a mouse button, but with each other we all do it. It requires 1000?s of individuals cooperating, in the drilling from the oil to create the plastic to the building of the nick towards the Brought light. I really like Ridley?s appealing phrase that within the density of metropolitan areas, ?ideas have sexual intercourse along with other ideas? creating faster and faster evolution through exchange of ideas, items, and services.

Sure, we are able to fare better, and we?ll, constantly, but make sure to possess a grounds for any values you possess (which they support your vibration instead of crashes it) as opposed to just hearing what popular leaders who appear to become progressive or spiritual say.

Darryl Hannah authored articles stating a lot of popular unproven environmental scare values that I am sure she?s heard other stylish ecologists spouting, for example that you will find more captive consumers than in the past. What??? Did she ever learn about ancient Egypt, Rome, and feudal England, where many people were slaves or serfs? Ridley cites the data. It?s simply fashionable and stylish nowadays to cry wolf and complain about from the economy towards the atmosphere to health. Guess what happens a vibration-trasher worrying is.

What really happens is the fact that humanity sees challenging, includes a strong desire that births new ideas and discoveries, and constitutes a change before disaster happens. Intellectuals base their forecasts on details remaining just like they?re today, and absolutely nothing stays just like it?s today?we evolve, particularly when disaster looms. It?s individuals very risks that will get us off our laurels to behave different, in order to innovate, or regulate.

Maybe the planet does not always result in the changes fast enough to match some, but we all do change. The environment and oceans are cleaner than about ten years ago, because of more stringent rules minimizing pollutants.

Farming production reaches a record high, less people starve than in the past, although world human population is at record high. Less people die of illnesses, although the media regularly urges us to stress within the disease of the day. Helps has become workable and no more a crisis except over a couple of places on the planet. Bird flu wiped out merely a couple of greater than a hundred people, as opposed to the 100s of 1000?s predicted. Mad cow disease only wiped out a couple of people rather than did end up being the disaster the media predicted. Ridley?s book provides a 1000 good examples supported by reliable, provable sources.

Obviously, disease non-profits realize that when they admit cancer is continuously decreasing, nobody can give, and when the Diabetes Society begins acknowledging it?s improving, it will not have them grants or loans or donations. Ecologists realize that their funding will run dry when they admit you will find more trees than ever before, not less, and less contaminants than ever before. Regrettably, it?s valuable to scare the general public to some extent to create change, but It?s not necessary to purchase it wholesale for your hindrance.

Hollywood and tv are obsessive about disaster tales for many incomprehensive reason. It appears odd that that?s considered entertainment, but it is a totally free Will world, and diversity is nice.

Y2K, mass destruction by acidity rain, terrorist domination, the nuclear holocaust?none from it ever happened.

Existence is really great, and not just that, because of elevated trade, globalization, technology, and communication?additionally to and due to the brand new vibrational powers arriving?human evolution is on the considerably faster upward curve. Communication and also the internet is growing the rate of spread of ideas, and which makes it tougher for atrocities to occur without the world knowing.

The doomsayers simply ignore all of this positive evidence, with no one appears to consider these to job for being dead wrong concerning the many problems they predicted. They simply write another doomsday book (which will turn to be wrong) and then attempt to convince us that we have to face some awful reality. They believe the truth is something you find, not something you create. Plus they neglect to get how ingenious, flexible, and effective humans are when they would like to be.

Individuals who see chance in challenge innovate instead of quit in despair and powerlessness. They are doing something to alter it before disaster happens. Again, we all do sometimes wait until it?s severe before we innovate and alter, but we all do change, and we?ll still, more quickly each year as evolution accelerates. Our planet should never be complete and handle, but we?ll keep changing and spiraling upward when we stay awake. You will find still items to improve, and we?ll improve them, with certain pockets around the globe like yours at the forefront.

Remember if you notice an issue to prevent and concentrate on which you want to see. You cannot contain the problem and also the solution simultaneously without splitting your time.

Pricier the doomsayers to prevent. They?ll even get Nobel awards for his or her work. Just keep the nose expected up, and make your personal reality. They will be wrong, specifically for you.

Benefit From The Rational Optimist. It is also good fodder for individuals condition-of-the-world conversations with individuals who aren?t spiritual, who may think you are a Pollyanna should you say it in spiritual terms, but who could have a look in the Rational Optimist by Matt Ridley.

Love,

Lola

Source: http://society-eco-innovations.chailit.com/the-prejudice-for-pessimism-and-also-the-myth-from-the-evils-of-commerce.html

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Hawkeye State (TIME)

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10 Home Decorating Ideas To Quickly Update Any Room | Scan ...

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Source: http://www.scandaloushousewife.net/10-home-decorating-ideas-to-quickly-update-any-room.php

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UN Appoints the Head of the ICTY's Successor :: Balkan Insight

The UN Security Council appointed on Wednesday Hassan Bubacar Jallow as a prosecutor for the so called residual mechanism, which was set up in 2010 to complete the work of the UN war crimes tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda when their mandates expire.

The UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon announced the appointment of Judge Theodor Meron, current president of the the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, ICTY, as President of the mechanism for a term of four years, with effect from March 1.

Judge Meron will continue serving as President of the ICTY while working as the President of the mechanism.

The Council has urged the two tribunals to conclude their work by the end of 2014.

The ICTR branch of the mechanism will begin functioning on July 1 this year, while the branch for ICTY will start on July 1, 2013.

Source: http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/un-set-new-court-instead-the-icty

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Bacteria tend leafcutter ants' gardens

Bacteria tend leafcutter ants' gardens [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 1-Mar-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Franny White
franny.white@pnnl.gov
509-375-6904
DOE/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Microbes turn leaves into nutrients; knowledge could improve biofuel production

RICHLAND, Wash. Leafcutter ants, the tiny red dots known for carrying green leaves as they march through tropical forests, are also talented farmers that cultivate gardens of fungi and bacteria. Ants eat fungi from the so-called fungal gardens, but the bacteria's role has been unclear until now.

New research shows the bacteria help decompose the leaves and play a major role in turning the leaves into nutrients that may be important for both ants and fungi. The findings were published March 1 by The ISME Journal, a publication of the International Society for Microbial Ecology.

"This research provides some of the first tangible details about the fascinating symbiotic relationship between leafcutter ants, fungi and bacteria," said Kristin Burnum, a bioanalytical chemist at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Burnum is a co-author on the paper and led the study's protein analysis. "Understanding how bacteria turn plant matter into a source of energy in ant fungal gardens could also help improve biofuel production."

The gardens in question are initially sowed by the ants, which bring leaf pieces into their underground nests. From the leaves grow the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, traditionally thought of as the ants' food. The relationship between leafcutter ants and fungi has been known since 1874, but it wasn't until the late 1990s that scientists started to also identify bacteria in the underground gardens.

Since then, a lively debate has gone on about the bacteria's role. Because pure samples of the garden fungi grown in laboratories don't easily degrade cellulose, a molecule that gives plants structural stability, many scientists have argued the bacteria help decompose the leaves. Other researchers have proposed bacteria like the microscopic bugs in our guts help ants obtain nutrients from the leaves.

Lead author Frank Aylward of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Burnum and their co-authors set out to help resolve the debate by doing a comprehensive survey of the various bacteria species that live in the gardens and examining the suite of proteins those bacteria produce. They traveled to a Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute site near Gamboa, Panama, and gathered samples of fungal gardens tended by two ant species, Atta colombica and Atta cephalotes.

Aylward and several others on the research team are part of the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, one of three Bioenergy Research Centers established by DOE's Office of Science in 2007 to accelerate research toward the development of cost-effective advanced biofuels from nonfood plant fiber. The University of Wisconsin-Madison leads the Great Lakes center.

To produce results that more accurately reflect the large diversity of real-world gardens, the team collected large samples with bits of leaves, ants, fungi and bacteria intermixed instead of just gathering samples of the bacteria they intended to study. This allowed them to better examine the entire community of bacteria that live in the gardens and prevented them from missing some bacterial species. The team then studied the bacterial community's genes and proteins an approach known as metagenomics and metaproteomics.

The researchers sequenced their genetic samples at Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory's DOE Joint Genome Institute. With the help of an extensive library of bacterial genes developed by co-author Cameron Currie, team members at University of Wisconsin-Madison identified thousands of bacterial genetic sequences from the two ant gardens. More than two-thirds of the bacterial species found were from just a few groups. More than half of those identified belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, whose members are known to ferment sugars and include the intestinal microbes that help animals digest food.

From the bacteria, Burnum and her PNNL colleagues in Richland examined proteins, the workhorses of the cell that perform the tasks needed to keep organisms alive and well. They used mass spectrometers at EMSL, the Department of Energy's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory at PNNL, to identify proteins in an A. colombica nest.

They found proteins that were involved a surprising number of different metabolic pathways, including:

  • Breaking down complex sugars that make plants tough and durable, but difficult to digest
  • Transporting sugars, allowing broken-down sugars to be used for energy
  • Making amino acids, the buildings blocks of proteins
  • Making vitamin B5, which is needed to both break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats and to make energy from nutrients

When compared to all other bacteria in Currie's large library of bacterial genes, very few just 0.2 to 0.6 percent of the garden bacteria were involved in breaking down cellulose. Instead, most of the garden bacteria were involved in breaking down simpler sugars, indicating that perhaps fungi initially breaks down cellulose and the bacteria then turn the partially digested sugars that result into a variety of nutrients that could promote the fungi's growth or even nourish the ants themselves.

"Our results show that calling these 'fungal gardens' is pretty misleading; 'fungus-bacterial communities' would be far more accurate," Burnum said. "Bacteria are not only integral residents of these communities, but they perform essential tasks that keep the communities and the ants that help cultivate them living."

Next, the team plans to analyze the fungi, lipids and various metabolic products found in the gardens.

This study's findings and future results could advance the work of scientists who are looking at fungal enzymes to make biofuel out of plants. The enzymes, or biological catalysts, of fungi are exceptionally talented at breaking down cellulose in plants, making them a good model for large-scale biofuel production.

"It's apparent that neither fungi nor bacteria work in isolation when it comes to leafcutter ant gardens," Burnum said. "It's possible that the same goes for biomass conversion; perhaps both fungi and bacteria are needed to efficiently turn plants into biofuel."

###

REFERENCE: Frank O. Aylward, Kristin E. Burnum, Jarrod J. Scott, Garret Suen, Susannah G. Tringe, Sandra M. Adams, Kerrie W. Barry, Carrie D. Nicora, Paul D. Piehowski, Samuel O. Purvine, Gabriel J. Starrett, Lynne A. Goodwin, Richard D. Smith, Mary S. Lipton, Cameron R. Currie. Metagenomic and metaproteomic insights into bacterial communities in leaf-cutter ant fungus gardens. The ISME Journal, Online publish date March 1, 2012. DOI: 10.1038/ISMEJ.2012.10. www.nature.com/ismej/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ismej201210a.html.

Interdisciplinary teams at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory address many of America's most pressing issues in energy, the environment and national security through advances in basic and applied science. PNNL employs 4,700 staff, has an annual budget of nearly $1.1 billion, and has been managed for the U.S. Department of Energy by Ohio-based Battelle since the laboratory's inception in 1965. For more, visit the PNNL's News Center, or follow PNNL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.

DOE'S Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit science.energy.gov. The Joint Genome Institute and EMSL are also supported by the Office of Science.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Bacteria tend leafcutter ants' gardens [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 1-Mar-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Franny White
franny.white@pnnl.gov
509-375-6904
DOE/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Microbes turn leaves into nutrients; knowledge could improve biofuel production

RICHLAND, Wash. Leafcutter ants, the tiny red dots known for carrying green leaves as they march through tropical forests, are also talented farmers that cultivate gardens of fungi and bacteria. Ants eat fungi from the so-called fungal gardens, but the bacteria's role has been unclear until now.

New research shows the bacteria help decompose the leaves and play a major role in turning the leaves into nutrients that may be important for both ants and fungi. The findings were published March 1 by The ISME Journal, a publication of the International Society for Microbial Ecology.

"This research provides some of the first tangible details about the fascinating symbiotic relationship between leafcutter ants, fungi and bacteria," said Kristin Burnum, a bioanalytical chemist at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Burnum is a co-author on the paper and led the study's protein analysis. "Understanding how bacteria turn plant matter into a source of energy in ant fungal gardens could also help improve biofuel production."

The gardens in question are initially sowed by the ants, which bring leaf pieces into their underground nests. From the leaves grow the fungus Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, traditionally thought of as the ants' food. The relationship between leafcutter ants and fungi has been known since 1874, but it wasn't until the late 1990s that scientists started to also identify bacteria in the underground gardens.

Since then, a lively debate has gone on about the bacteria's role. Because pure samples of the garden fungi grown in laboratories don't easily degrade cellulose, a molecule that gives plants structural stability, many scientists have argued the bacteria help decompose the leaves. Other researchers have proposed bacteria like the microscopic bugs in our guts help ants obtain nutrients from the leaves.

Lead author Frank Aylward of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Burnum and their co-authors set out to help resolve the debate by doing a comprehensive survey of the various bacteria species that live in the gardens and examining the suite of proteins those bacteria produce. They traveled to a Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute site near Gamboa, Panama, and gathered samples of fungal gardens tended by two ant species, Atta colombica and Atta cephalotes.

Aylward and several others on the research team are part of the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, one of three Bioenergy Research Centers established by DOE's Office of Science in 2007 to accelerate research toward the development of cost-effective advanced biofuels from nonfood plant fiber. The University of Wisconsin-Madison leads the Great Lakes center.

To produce results that more accurately reflect the large diversity of real-world gardens, the team collected large samples with bits of leaves, ants, fungi and bacteria intermixed instead of just gathering samples of the bacteria they intended to study. This allowed them to better examine the entire community of bacteria that live in the gardens and prevented them from missing some bacterial species. The team then studied the bacterial community's genes and proteins an approach known as metagenomics and metaproteomics.

The researchers sequenced their genetic samples at Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory's DOE Joint Genome Institute. With the help of an extensive library of bacterial genes developed by co-author Cameron Currie, team members at University of Wisconsin-Madison identified thousands of bacterial genetic sequences from the two ant gardens. More than two-thirds of the bacterial species found were from just a few groups. More than half of those identified belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae, whose members are known to ferment sugars and include the intestinal microbes that help animals digest food.

From the bacteria, Burnum and her PNNL colleagues in Richland examined proteins, the workhorses of the cell that perform the tasks needed to keep organisms alive and well. They used mass spectrometers at EMSL, the Department of Energy's Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory at PNNL, to identify proteins in an A. colombica nest.

They found proteins that were involved a surprising number of different metabolic pathways, including:

  • Breaking down complex sugars that make plants tough and durable, but difficult to digest
  • Transporting sugars, allowing broken-down sugars to be used for energy
  • Making amino acids, the buildings blocks of proteins
  • Making vitamin B5, which is needed to both break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats and to make energy from nutrients

When compared to all other bacteria in Currie's large library of bacterial genes, very few just 0.2 to 0.6 percent of the garden bacteria were involved in breaking down cellulose. Instead, most of the garden bacteria were involved in breaking down simpler sugars, indicating that perhaps fungi initially breaks down cellulose and the bacteria then turn the partially digested sugars that result into a variety of nutrients that could promote the fungi's growth or even nourish the ants themselves.

"Our results show that calling these 'fungal gardens' is pretty misleading; 'fungus-bacterial communities' would be far more accurate," Burnum said. "Bacteria are not only integral residents of these communities, but they perform essential tasks that keep the communities and the ants that help cultivate them living."

Next, the team plans to analyze the fungi, lipids and various metabolic products found in the gardens.

This study's findings and future results could advance the work of scientists who are looking at fungal enzymes to make biofuel out of plants. The enzymes, or biological catalysts, of fungi are exceptionally talented at breaking down cellulose in plants, making them a good model for large-scale biofuel production.

"It's apparent that neither fungi nor bacteria work in isolation when it comes to leafcutter ant gardens," Burnum said. "It's possible that the same goes for biomass conversion; perhaps both fungi and bacteria are needed to efficiently turn plants into biofuel."

###

REFERENCE: Frank O. Aylward, Kristin E. Burnum, Jarrod J. Scott, Garret Suen, Susannah G. Tringe, Sandra M. Adams, Kerrie W. Barry, Carrie D. Nicora, Paul D. Piehowski, Samuel O. Purvine, Gabriel J. Starrett, Lynne A. Goodwin, Richard D. Smith, Mary S. Lipton, Cameron R. Currie. Metagenomic and metaproteomic insights into bacterial communities in leaf-cutter ant fungus gardens. The ISME Journal, Online publish date March 1, 2012. DOI: 10.1038/ISMEJ.2012.10. www.nature.com/ismej/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ismej201210a.html.

Interdisciplinary teams at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory address many of America's most pressing issues in energy, the environment and national security through advances in basic and applied science. PNNL employs 4,700 staff, has an annual budget of nearly $1.1 billion, and has been managed for the U.S. Department of Energy by Ohio-based Battelle since the laboratory's inception in 1965. For more, visit the PNNL's News Center, or follow PNNL on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter.

DOE'S Office of Science is the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States, and is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit science.energy.gov. The Joint Genome Institute and EMSL are also supported by the Office of Science.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2012-03/dnnl-btl022912.php

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GOP race on pace for summer delegate fight (AP)

[unable to retrieve full-text content]AP - Mitt Romney got two important wins in the Arizona and Michigan primaries, but he better pick up the pace if he wants to lock up the Republican nomination for president before the party's national convention in late August.

Source: http://us.rd.yahoo.com/dailynews/rss/politics/*http%3A//news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20120229/ap_on_el_pr/us_gop_delegates_endgame

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